Methods And Materials For Obtaining Hepatocyte Lineage Cells

ABSTRACT

Methods of producing hepatocyte lineage cells are provided. The method can include transfecting a cell with one or more expression vectors. For example, a cell can be transfected with a first expression vector containing a first gene that encodes CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA), a second expression vector containing a second gene that encodes CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (CEBPB), a third expression vector containing a third gene that encodes forkhead box A1 (FOXA1), and a fourth expression vector containing a fourth gene that encodes forkhead box A3 (FOXA3). The method can include culturing the transfected cell obtained in a growth environment. The transfected cell can be cultured in Williams&#39; E medium, ReproFF (feeder-free media maintaining pluripotency) medium, or both. Transfected and/or hepatocyte lineage cells obtained by a method of the present invention are also provided.

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of prior U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/288,516, filed Jan. 29, 2016, which is incorporated in its entirety by reference herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods of obtaining hepatocyte lineage cells, intermediate cells, and hepatocytes; the resulting cells; as well as materials for producing the same.

Human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can be generated using four reprogramming factors [Takahashi et al., 2007]. IPS cells have the ability to differentiate into various types of cells and can be applied in regenerative medicine [Hirschi et al., 2014]. Hepatic insufficiency is a fatal condition. If hepatocytes can be produced from iPS cells, they could be used for transplantation in patients with hepatic insufficiency [Chang et al., 2012; van Wenum et al., 2014].

Several protocols on the differentiation of iPS cells to hepatocytes have been reported [DeLaForest et al., 2011; Inamura et al., 2010; Si-Tayeb et al., 2010; Song et al., 2009; Takayama et al., 2012; Zaret et al., 2008]. Most of these apply growth factors sequentially, simulating hepatocyte differentiation in fetal liver [DeLaForest et al., 2011; Si-Tayeb et al., 2010; Song et al., 2009; Takayama et al., 2012]. Another approach is to construct a three-dimensional liver using a combination of iPS cells, human umbilical vascular endothelial cells, and human mesenchymal cells [Takebe et al., 2013]. Only a few protocols have used transcription factors [Inamura et al., 2010; Takayama et al., 2012; Tomizawa et al., 2013].

FOXA1 can open compacted chromatin to initiate transcription, and is called the “pioneering factor” [Xu and Zaret, 2012]. FOXA1 is involved in liver development [Zaret and Carroll, 2011]. FOXA3 binds the promoters of hepatocyte-specific genes, such as AFP and albumin, and upregulates their expression [Costa et al., 2003]. The combination of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1A and FOXA1, FOXA3, or hepatocyte nuclear factor 4A can promote transdifferentiation of human fibroblasts to hepatocyte-like cells [Simeonov and Uppal, 2014]. With another combination of FOXA3, hepatocyte nuclear factor 1A and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4A, human fibroblasts have been transdifferentiated to functional hepatocytes [Hang et al., 2014].

Williams' Medium E (WE) was originally established to isolate hepatocytes from a mixture of fibroblasts for rat primary hepatocyte culture [Pretlow and Williams, 1973]. Drug metabolism is preserved in rat primary hepatocytes cultured in WE [Takeba et al., 2011; Wu et al., 1997]. Gluconeogenesis and urea cycle—hepatocyte-specific functions—are also maintained in WE [Dabos et al., 2004; Farghali et al., 2002]. These findings indicate that WE is suitable for hepatocyte culture without loss of hepatocyte-specific functions.

Transcription factors are involved in liver development [Takebe et al., 2013]. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA) was cloned by Antonson et al [Antonson and Xanthopoulos, 1995]. Hepatocytes deficient in CEBPA have the characteristics of both hepatocytes and bile duct epithelial cells [Tomizawa et al., 1998]. The characteristics of biliary epithelial cells can be enhanced in hepatoblasts with lower expression of CEBPA [Yamasaki et al., 2006]. CEBPA might promote the differentiation of hepatoblasts to mature hepatocytes. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (CEBPB) was cloned by Akira et al [Akira et al., 1990]. CEBPB is involved in the differentiation of hepatocytes [Kheolamai and Dickson, 2009]. A combination of transcription factors is, however, not known to initiate differentiation of iPS cells to hepatocytes.

Accordingly, a need exists for new methods of producing hepatocyte lineage cells.

SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

A feature of the present invention is to provide a method of producing hepatocyte lineage cells.

Another feature of the present invention is to provide methods that employ various cell types as starting points for producing hepatocyte lineage cells.

A further feature of the present invention is to utilize one or more gene containing expression vectors to aid in the differentiation of cells into hepatocyte lineage cells.

An additional feature of the present invention is to utilize one or more growth media to aid in the differentiation of cells into hepatocyte lineage cells.

Additional features and advantages of the present invention will be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the present invention. The objectives and other advantages of the present invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the description and appended claims.

To achieve these and other advantages, and in accordance with the purposes of the present invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, the present invention relates to a method of producing hepatocyte lineage cells. The method can include transfecting a cell with one or more expression vectors. For example, a cell can be transfected with a first expression vector containing a first gene that encodes CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA), a second expression vector containing a second gene that encodes CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (CEBPB), a third expression vector containing a third gene that encodes forkhead box A1 (FOXA1), and a fourth expression vector containing a fourth gene that encodes forkhead box A3 (FOXA3). The method can include culturing the transfected cell obtained in a growth environment.

The present invention also relates to a transfected and/or hepatocyte lineage cell obtained by a method of the present invention.

The present invention further relates to a method of producing hepatocyte lineage cells including one or more steps. A step (a) can include introducing four expression vectors into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, wherein the expression vectors are an expression vector containing a gene that encodes CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA), an expression vector containing a gene that encodes CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (CEBPB), an expression vector containing a gene that encodes forkhead box A1 (FOXA1), and an expression vector containing a gene that encodes forkhead box A3 (FOXA3). A step (b) can include culturing the cells obtained in step (a) in a growth environment.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and intended to provide a further explanation of the present invention, as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A and 1B are graphs of relative expression levels based on alpha-feto protein and albumin in 201B7 cells transfected with various transcription factors.

FIGS. 2A and 2B are graphs of relative expression levels of cells transfected with transcription factors and cultured in one of four media.

FIGS. 3A-3D are magnified images of 201B7 cells transfected with four transcription factors and cultured in four media.

FIGS. 4A-4H are magnified images of 201B7 cells transfected with pEBNK-Hyg/Cherry (CherryPickerl) and cultured in various media and observed with a microscope under white light (FIGS. 4A, 4C, 4E, and 4G) or a fluoroscope (FIGS. 4B, 4D, 4F, or 4H).

FIGS. 5A-5H are magnified images of 201B7 cells transfected with no plasmids or a combination of plasmids and cultured in various media, immunostained with antibodies against alpha-feto protein (FIGS. 5A, 5B, 5C, and 5D) or albumin (FIGS. 5E, 5F, 5G, and 5H).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method of producing hepatocyte lineage cells. The method can include transfecting a cell with one or more expression vectors. For example, a cell can be transfected with a first expression vector containing a first gene that encodes CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA), a second expression vector containing a second gene that encodes CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (CEBPB), a third expression vector containing a third gene that encodes forkhead box A1 (FOXA1), and a fourth expression vector containing a fourth gene that encodes forkhead box A3 (FOXA3). The method can include culturing the transfected cell obtained in a growth environment.

The method can further include differentiating the transfected cell into a hepatocyte lineage cell. The culturing can result in the differentiation of the transfected cell into a hepatocyte lineage cell. The two or more of the four genes can act synergistically to differentiate the cell into a hepatocyte lineage cell. The synergism can refer to the time, efficiency, and/or productivity of cell differentiation. Synergism can be super-additive or simply greater than the differentiation caused by a single gene or a smaller subset of genes. The method can further include obtaining a hepatocyte lineage cell from the transfected cell. The hepatocyte lineage cell can be an immortal hepatocyte lineage cell. The hepatocyte lineage cell can express at least one cell surface marker characteristic of hepatocytes. The hepatocyte lineage cell can express alpha-feto protein, albumin, or both. Differentiation can be partial or complete. Differentiation can be further aided by adding one or more additional genes beyond the first four genes, for example, a fifth gene, a sixth gene, and so on.

The transfected cell can be cultured in a medium formulated for hepatocyte differentiation, hepatocyte growth, or both. The transfected cell can be cultured in Williams' E medium in the growth environment. The transfected cell can be cultured in Williams' E medium after culturing in the growth environment. For example, the transfected cell can be cultured in Williams' E Medium (aka, William's E Medium, Williams' Medium E). Other appropriate media can include ReproFF (feeder-free media maintaining pluripotency), Leibovitz-15 (L15), and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium/Nutrient F-12 Ham (DF12). Media can be used individually or in combination. When used in combination, for example, media can be used contemporaneously as a mixture or sequentially. Any appropriate Williams' E Medium can include one or more of sodium bicarbonate, L-glutamine, phenol red, and 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer as components. Williams' E Medium can exclude one or more of sodium bicarbonate, L-glutamine, phenol red, and 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer. Williams' E Medium can be supplied as dry powder or as a liquid medium. Williams' E medium can be supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS). Williams' E medium can be obtained from any suitable supplier, for example, ThermoFisher Scientific, Sigma-Aldrich, or Lonza. Examples of Williams' E Medium available from ThermoFisher Scientific include 12551-Williams' Medium E (Cat. No. 12551032); A12176—Williams' Medium E, no Phenol Red (Cat. No. A1217601); 32551—Williams' Medium E, GlutaMAX™ (Cat. Nos. 32551020, 32551087); and 22551—Williams' Medium E (Cat. No. 22551022, 22551089). Table 1 sets forth the formulation for 12551-Williams' Medium E and additionally example concentration ranges for components. For any of the specified components listed here, it is to be understood that these amounts can vary from about 1.0% to about 20%, or from about 1% to about 10%, from about 1.0% to about 5.0%, from about 0.5% to about 2.0%, or from about 0.1% to about 0.5% of the value given. Optionally, one or more of the listed components can be omitted or an equivalent component substituted, for example, two components, three components, four components, five components, ten components, 15 components, 25 components, or more components, or any intervening number of components can be omitted or substituted for.

TABLE 1 Molecular Conc. Conc. Range Components Weight (mg/L) (mg/L) mM Amino Acids Glycine 75.0 50.0 40.0-60.0 0.6666667 L-Alanine 89.0 90.0  80.0-100.0 1.011236 L-Arginine 174.0 50.0 40.0-60.0 0.28735632 L-Asparagine-H2O 150.0 20.0 15.0-25.0 0.13333334 L-Aspartic acid 133.0 30.0 20.0-40.0 0.22556391 L-Cysteine 121.0 40.0 30.0-50.0 0.3305785 L-Cystine 2HCl 313.0 26.07 20.0-30.0 0.08329073 L-Glutamic Acid 147.0 50.0 40.0-60.0 0.34013605 L-Histidine 155.0 15.0 10.0-20.0 0.09677419 L-Isoleucine 131.0 50.0 40.0-60.0 0.3816794 L-Leucine 131.0 75.0 65.0-85.0 0.57251906 L-Lysine hydrochloride 183.0 87.46 75.0-95.0 0.47792348 L-Methionine 149.0 15.0 10.0-20.0 0.10067114 L-Phenylalanine 165.0 25.0 20.0-30.0 0.15151516 L-Proline 115.0 30.0 20.0-40.0 0.26086956 L-Serine 105.0 10.0  5.0-15.0 0.0952381 L-Threonine 119.0 40.0 30.0-50.0 0.33613446 L-Tryptophan 204.0 10.0  5.0-15.0 0.04901961 L-Tyrosine disodium salt dihydrate 261.0 50.65 40.0-60.0 0.19406131 L-Valine 117.0 50.0 40.0-60.0 0.42735043 Vitamins Ascorbic Acid 176.0 2.0 1.5-2.5 0.011363637 Biotin 244.0 0.5 0.25-0.75 0.00204918 Choline chloride 140.0 1.5 1.0-2.0 0.010714286 D-Calcium pantothenate 477.0 1.0 0.5-1.5 0.002096436 Ergocalciferol 397.0 0.1 0.05-0.15 2.52E−04 Folic Acid 441.0 1.0 0.5-1.5 0.002267574 Menadione sodium bisulfate 276.0 0.01 0.005-0.015 3.62E−05 Niacinamide 122.0 1.0 0.5-1.5 0.008196721 Pyridoxal hydrochloride 204.0 1.0 0.5-1.5 0.004901961 Riboflavin 376.0 0.1 0.05-0.15 2.66E−04 Thiamine hydrochloride 337.0 1.0 0.5-1.5 0.002967359 Vitamin A (acetate) 328.0 0.1 0.05-0.15 3.05E−04 Vitamin B12 1355.0 0.2 0.1-0.3 1.48E−04 alpha Tocopherol phos. Na salt 554.7 0.01 0.005-0.015 1.80E−05 i-Inositol 180.0 2.0 1.0-3.0 0.011111111 Inorganic Salts Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) (anhyd.) 111.0 200.0 150.0-250.0 1.8018018 Cupric sulfate (CuSO4—5H2O) 250.0 1.00E−04 1.00E−05-1.00E−03 4.00E−07 Ferric nitrate (Fe(NO3)—9H2O) 404.0 1.00E−04 1.00E−05-1.00E−03 2.48E−07 Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) 120.0 97.67  85.0-100.0 0.8139166 (anhyd.) Manganese chloride (MnCl2—4H2O) 198.0 1.00E−04 1.00E−05-1.00E−03 5.05E−07 Potassium Chloride (KCl) 75.0 400.0 350.0-450.0 5.3333335 Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) 84.0 2200.0 2000.0-2500.0 26.190475 Sodium Chloride (NaCl) 58.0 6800.0 6000.0-7500.0 117.24138 Sodium Phosphate monobasic 138.0 140.0 120.0-160.0 1.0144928 (NaH2PO4) anhydrous Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4—7H2O) 288.0 2.00E−04 2.00E−05-2.00E−03 6.94E−07 Other Components D-Glucose (Dextrose) 180.0 2000.0 1750-2500 11.111111 Glutathione (reduced) 307.0 0.05 0.04-0.06 1.63E−04 Methyl linoleate 295.0 0.03 0.02-0.04 1.02E−04 Phenol Red 376.4 10.0  0.5-15.0 0.026567481 Sodium Pyruvate 110.0 25.0 20.0-30.0 0.22727273

The transfected cell can be cultured for any appropriate length of time. For example, the transfected cell can be cultured for at least five minutes, at least fifteen minutes, at least thirty minutes, at least forty-five minutes, at least one hour, at least two hours, at least three hours, at least five hours, at least 12 hours, at least one day, at least three days, at least seven days (one week), at least eight days, at least ten days, at least twelve days, at least 15 days, at least 20 days, at least 28 days, at least one month, at least six weeks, at least two months, at least three months, at least six months, at least nine months, at least one year, less than five minutes, more than a year, or any intervening period. The transfected cell can be cultured, for example, for from about 4 days to about 12 days. The transfected cell can be cultured, for example, for at least 7 days or greater than seven days. The duration of culturing can refer to the total duration of culturing the transfected cell, or to a segment or period thereof. For example, the duration can refer to culturing the cell in a growth environment, or in a particular growth or cell culture medium, or a series of sequential growth or cell culture media, a period before differentiation is complete, or a period subsequent to differentiation. The transfected cell can be cultured until at least one marker characteristic of a hepatocyte lineage cell is expressed above a recognized threshold. The marker can be associated with an immature hepatocyte, a mature hepatocyte, or both. The transfected cell can be cultured until expression of a marker of the original cell falls below a recognized threshold. The transfected cell can be cultured until it possesses the morphology of a hepatocyte lineage cell and/or a hepatocyte.

Any suitable cell can be transfected. The cell can be a vertebrate cell. The cell can be a mammalian cell, for example, a rodent cell, a murine cell, a primate cell, or a human cell. The cell can be a stem cell. For example, the cell can be a pluripotent stem cell, an induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell, a 201B7 iPS cell, or an embryonic stem cell. The cell can be a somatic cell or adult cell. For example, the cell can be a fibroblast.

Transfection of the cell can be carried out using any appropriate technique suitable for introducing the expression vectors into the cell. Any suitable number of expression vectors can be used, for example, at least four expression vectors can be used, for example, at least four different expression vectors can be used. Any suitable expression vector or combination of expression vectors can be used. A mammalian vector or a mammalian plasmid can be used. An artificial vector can be used. A plasmid can be used. An episomal plasmid or episomal vector can be used. An adenoviral vector, an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector, or any combination thereof can be used. The first, second, third, and fourth genes can be distributed among one, two, three, or four expression vectors. For example, all four genes can be on the same expression vector or each gene can be contained in its own expression vector. A single copy or multiple copies of a particular expression vector and/or gene can be transfected into a cell. One or more copies of a particular gene can be present in any given expression vector.

The cell can be transfected with two or more of the expression vectors, for example, all four expression vectors, simultaneously. The cell can be transfected with one or more of the expression vectors sequentially. There can be a delay between the transfection of any two expression vectors. For example, there can be a delay of less than 1 minute, at least 1 minute, at least two minutes, at least five minutes, at least 10 minutes, at least 15 minutes, at least 30 minutes, at least one hour, at least three hours, at least six hours, at least 12 hours, at least one day, at least two days, at least three days, at least one week, or any intervening length of time between introduction of two or more of the expression vectors. One or more tests can be performed to verify successful introduction of one or more of the expression vectors into the cell. The transfection of one or more of the expression vectors can be transient with respect to at least one transcription factor or gene. The transfection of one or more of the expression vector can be stable with respect to at least one expression vector or gene. One or more of the genes can be incorporated into the genomic DNA of the cell.

Any step, combination of steps, or the entire method can be performed, in vivo, in vitro, or both. For example, the transfection can be performed in vitro, the culturing can be performed in vitro, or both. The growth environment can be an in vitro growth environment, an in vivo growth environment, or both. The growth environment can include a liquid medium, a solid support, or both. For example, a liquid growth environment can be used initially and then a solid growth environment. A growth environment can be conducive to formation of liver tissue, a portion of a liver, or a complete liver. Differentiated cells can be transplanted into a mammalian recipient, for example, a rodent such as a mouse or a primate such as a human.

The expression of one or more of the genes can be controlled. The expression of one or more of the genes can be fixed or automatic. At least one or all of the genes can be constitutively activated. At least one or all of the genes can be inducible. For example, at least one inducible gene can be inducible by growth in a suitable medium, for example, Williams' E medium. A gene can be induced, for example, by the gene product of one of the other genes or a gene product induced by one of the other genes, directly or indirectly. Control of a gene can be regulated, for example, through one or more elements on the expression vector containing the gene. Such elements can include, for example, a promoter, an enhancer, a ribosmal binding site, an inducer, a suppressor, a selectable marker, or the like.

The present invention also relates to a transfected and/or hepatocyte lineage cell obtained by a method of the present invention. The cell can be immortal or have a limited number of replication cycles. The cells can be in the form of cells in a cell culture in a liquid, solid, or liquid/solid support. The cells can be in the form of a tissue or organ, for example, a liver, suitable for implantation into an organism.

The present invention further relates to a method of producing hepatocyte lineage cells including one or more steps. A step (a) can include introducing four expression vectors into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, wherein the expression vectors are an expression vector containing a gene that encodes CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA), an expression vector containing a gene that encodes CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (CEBPB), an expression vector containing a gene that encodes forkhead box A1 (FOXA1), and an expression vector containing a gene that encodes forkhead box A3 (FOXA3). A step (b) can include culturing the cells obtained in step (a) in a growth environment. The cells obtained in step (a) can be cultured in any suitable medium, for example, Williams' E medium. The cells obtained in step (a) and (b) can be cultured in any suitable medium, for example, Williams' E medium. The cells obtained in step (a) can be cultured for any suitable period of time, for example, at least seven days.

The present invention will be further clarified by the following examples, which are intended to be exemplary of the present invention.

EXAMPLES

Transcription factors and culture media were investigated to determine the conditions to initiate the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells most efficiently. These investigations are relevant to obtaining hepatocyte lineage cells from any suitable cell, for example, stem cells or somatic cells.

The expression of genes in human adult liver was compared with that in 201B7 cells (iPS cells) using cDNA microarray analysis. Episomal plasmids expressing transcription factors were constructed. 201B7 cells were transfected with the episomal plasmids and cultured in ReproFF (feeder-free media maintaining pluripotency), Leibovitz-15 (L15), Williams' E (WE), or Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium/Nutrient F-12 Ham (DF12) for seven days. 12551-Williams' Medium E (ThermoFisher Scientific) was used as the WE (see Table 1) in the examples. RNA was isolated and subjected to real-time quantitative PCR to analyze the expression of alpha-feto protein (AFP) and albumin. cDNA microarray analysis revealed 16 transcription factors that were upregulated in human adult liver relative to that in 201B7 cells. Episomal plasmids expressing these 16 genes were transfected into 201B7 cells.

CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (CEBPB), forkhead box A1 (FOXA1), and forkhead box A3 (FOXA3) up-regulated AFP and down-regulated Nanog. These four genes were further analyzed. The expression of AFP and albumin was the highest in 201B7 cells transfected with the combination of CEBPA, CEBPB, FOXA1, and FOXA3 and cultured in WE. The combination of CEBPA, CEBPB, FOXA1, and FOXA3 was suitable for 201B7 cells to initiate differentiation to the hepatocyte lineage and WE was the most suitable medium for culture after transfection.

FOXA1 and FOXA3 enhanced the expression of AFP and albumin in 201B7 cells. These results indicate that FOXA1 and FOXA3 initiated hepatocyte differentiation synergistically with CEBPA and CEBPB. These findings clearly show that FOXA1 and FOXA3 are involved in hepatocyte differentiation. The results also indicate that the combination of CEBPA, CEBPB, FOXA1, and FOXA3 promoted iPS cell differentiation to the hepatocyte lineage. The highest levels of AFP and albumin were obtained in 201B7 cells transfected with the combination of CEBPA, CEBPB, FOXA1, and FOXA3 and cultured in WE. These results further indicate that WE is suitable for initiating the differentiation of iPS cells to the hepatocyte lineage after transfection with the combination of CEBPA, CEBPB, FOXA1, and FOXA3.

Accordingly, the combination of CEBPA, CEBPB, FOXA1, and FOXA3 was suitable for initiating the differentiation of 201B7 cells to the hepatocyte lineage. WE was the most suitable medium for culture after transfection. The details of these experiments are described in the following numbered examples.

Example 1

cDNA microarray analysis revealed transcription factors that were upregulated in human adult liver relative to that in 201B7 cells. These genes were further investigated to identify the transcription factors involved in hepatocyte differentiation or hepatocyte-specific functions. 16 genes were selected for further analyses (Table 2). Original plasmids harboring the cDNA of the 16 genes were obtained as gifts or purchased and used for subcloning into episomal vectors. Finally, episomal vectors harboring the 16 genes were constructed.

TABLE 2 Restriction Restriction site to site to Original cloning Cloning Expression Episomal GenBank plasmid plasmid plasmid plasmid plasmid CEBPA U34070 pG28B5.0 Ref (−) (−) Nrul- pEBMulti-Neo Antonson EcoR5 into pEMMulti-Hyg EcoR5 CEBPB X52560 Ref Akira (−) (−) Not1-Kpn1 pEBNK-Neo pEBNK-Hyg CEBPD BC105109 RIKEN EcoR1 pBluescript EcoR5- pEBMulti-Neo IRCB003O22 SK(−) BamH1 FOXA1 BC033890 RIKEN EcoR1- pBluescript Xho1- pEBMulti-Neo IRAK047019 BamH1 SK(−) BamH1 FOXA2 NM_021784 OriGene EcoR1-Pst1 pBluescript Sal1- pEBMulti-Neo sc321626 SK(−) BamH1 FOXA3 BC016024 RIKEN EcoR1-Not1 pBluescript Xho1-Not1 pEBMulti-Neo IRAK015C16 SK(−) pEBMulti-Hyg GATA4 NM_002052 OriGene Nru1-EcoR1 pBluescript Kpn1-Not1 pEBMulti-Neo Sc124037 SK(−) pEBMunti-Hyg GATA6 NM_005257 RIKEN (−) (−) Xho1- pEBMulti-Neo Are07G01 BamH1 HEX BC015110 RIKEN (−) (−) Kpn1 pEBMulti IRAL031O05 pEBMulti-Hyg HLF BC036093 RIKEN Not1-Kpn1 pBluescript Not1-Kpn1 pEBNK-Neo IRAK048J15 (PCR) SK(−) pEBNK-Neo HNF1A BC104908 ATCC EcoR1 pBluescript Not1-Kpn1 pEBNK-Neo 11047178 SK(−) pEBNK-Hyg HNF1B BC017714 RIKEN Not1-Kpn1 pBluescript Not1-Kpn1 pEBNK-Neo IRAK0127102 (PCR) SK(−) HNF4A NM_000457 OriGene Not1-Kpn1 pBluescript Not1-Kpn1 pEBNK-Neo Sc123863 (PCR) SK(−) pEBNK-Hyg HNF4G BC105011 DBNAFORM EcoR1 pBluescript Sal1- pEBMulti-Neo 8144014 SK(−) BamH1 pEBMulti-Hyg SOX7 BC071947 RIKEN Xba1-Kpn1 pBluescript Not1-Kpn1 pEBNK-Neo IRAL058N22 SK(−) pEBNK-Hyg SOX17 NM_022454 RIKEN Not1-Kpn1 pBluescript Not1-Kpn1 pEBNK-Neo W01A073N10 (PCR) SK(−) pEBNK-Hyg

Abbreviations/Acronyms in Table 2 are as follows. CEBPA: CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha, CEBPB: CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta, CEBPD: CCAAT/enhancer binding protein delta, FOXA1: forkhead box A1, FOXA2: forkhead box A2, FOXA3: forkhead box A3, GATA4: GATA binding protein 4, GATA6: GATA binding protein 6, HEX: hematopoietically expressed homeobox, HLF: hepatic leukemia factor, HNF1A: hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha, HNF1B: hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 beta, HNF4G: hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 gamma, SOX7: sex determining region Y box 7, SOX17: sex determining region Y box 17, PCR: fragment amplified with PCR, cloned into cloning vectors, and sequence confirmed, (−): directly subcloned from the original plasmids to episomal plasmid.

201B7 cells were purchased from RIKEN Cell Bank (Tsukuba, Japan) and cultured in ReproFF (Reprocell) (Yokohama, Japan) in 6-well plates (Asahi Techno Glass) (Funabashi, Japan) coated with Matrigel™ (Becton Dickinson) (Franklin Lakes, N.J., USA) under feeder-free conditions. The cells were incubated in 5% carbon dioxide at 37° C. in a humidified incubator. The cells were then harvested with Accutase® (Innovative Cell Technologies, Inc.) (San Diego, Calif., USA) and spread onto new 6-well plates and observed under a microscope (CKX41N-31PHP) (Olympus) (Tokyo, Japan).

cDNA microarray analysis was performed by Bio Matrix Research, Inc. (Nagareyama, Japan). The expression of genes in human adult liver was compared with that in 201B7 cells. Total RNA from human adult liver was purchased from Clontech (Mountain View, Calif., USA). Total RNA from 201B7 cells cultured in ReproFF was isolated and purified with an RNeasy Mini column (Qiagen) (Velno, Netherland). The RNA (10 μg) was labeled using a SuperScript Indirect cDNA Labeling Kit (Invitrogen) and Cy™3 or Cy™5 Mono-Reactive Dye (GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, UK). The dye-coupled cDNAs were purified using a MiniElute PCR purification kit (Qiagen) and hybridized to an Agilent 44K human 60-mer oligo microarray (Agilent Technologies) (Santa Clara, Calif.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. An Agilent microarray scanner (Agilent Technologies) was used to wash, dry, and scan the slides. A Genespring GX software package (Agilent Technologies) was used to process and analyze the data.

Plasmid construction is briefly presented in Table 2. Original plasmids were kindly provided by Dr. M. Matsumoto (Osaka University, Suita, Japan) and Dr. KG. Xanthopoulos (Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden) or were purchased from RIKEN DNA Bank (Tsukuba, Japan), OriGene (Rockville, Md., USA), or DNAFORM (Yokohama, Japan). Fragments containing cDNA were subcloned into pBluescriptII SK(−) (Agilent Technologies) by restriction digestion from their original plasmids or were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For fragments amplified by PCR, the sequences were confirmed by Bio Matrix Research, Inc. The fragments in pBluescriptII SK(−) were subcloned into pEBMulti-Neo (Wako Pure Chemicals, Osaka, Japan), pEBMulti-Hyg (Wako Pure Chemicals), pEBNK-Neo [Tomizawa et al., 2014], or pEBNK-Hyg [Tomizawa et al., 2014]. pEBMulti-Neo, pEBMulti-Hyg, pEBNK-Neo, and pEBNK-Hyg were episomal plasmids.

Episomal plasmids contain an origin of replication and the nuclear antigen of Epstein-Barr virus. These two factors enable replication of episomal plasmids and distribution to daughter cells after cell division [Yates et al., 1985]. Genes in the plasmids were expressed for at least seven days [Shibata et al., 2007; Tanaka et al., 1999]. The transfected genes were expressed longer from episomal plasmids than from conventional expression plasmids. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (CEBPB), GATA binding protein 6, and hematopoietically expressed homeobox were directly subcloned from their original plasmids to episomal vectors.

PCR for cloning was performed as follows. cDNAs of hepatocyte leukemia factor, hepatocyte nuclear factor 1B, and sex determining region Y box 17 were amplified with LA PCRTM Kit Ver.2.1 (Takara) (Ohtsu, Japan) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Next, 40 cycles of PCR were carried out in the GeneAmp PCR System 9700 (Life Technologies) at 98° C. for 20 s for denaturation and at 68° C. for 3 min for annealing-extension. The templates are presented in Table 2, and their primer sequences are listed in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Annealing- Product extension Gene size temperature name GenBank Sequence (bp) (° C.) Cycles HLF, BC036093 5′-ATCGTCTAGAATGGA  888 68 40 forward GAAAATGTCCCGACC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 1) HLF, 5′-ATCGGGTACCCTACAG reverse GGGCCCGTGCCTGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 2) HNF1B, BC017714 5′-ATCGTCTAGAATGGTGT 68 40 forward CCAAGCTCACGTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 3) HNF1B, 5′-ATCGGGTACCTCACCAG 1673 reverse GCTTGTAGAGGAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 4) SOX17, NM_022454 5′-ATCGTCTAGAATGAGCA 1245 68 40 forward GCCCGGATGCGGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 5) SOX17, 5′-ATCGGGTACCTCACACG reverse TCAGGATAGTTGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 6)

Abbreviations/Acronyms in Table 3 are as follows. HLF: hepatic leukemia factor, HNF1B: hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 beta, SOX17: sex determining region Y box 17.

Five micrograms of total RNA isolated using Isogen (Nippon Gene) (Tokyo, Japan) was subjected to first-strand cDNA synthesis using superscriptIII reverse transcriptase (Life Technologies) and oligo dT according to the manufacturer's instructions. Fast CYBR Green Master Mix (Life Technologies) was used for real-time qPCR. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was conducted in the Mini Opticon System (Bio-Rad) (Hercules, Calif., USA). The results were analyzed and displayed by the Mini Opticon System automatically. Primer sequences (pairs) are listed in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Annealing- Product extension Gene size temperature name GenBank Sequence (bp) (° C.) Cycles CEBPA, U34070 5′-CGGACTTGGTGC 148 60 40 forward GTCTAAGATG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 7) CEBPA, 5′-GCATTGGAGCG reverse GTGAGTTTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 8) CEBPB, X52560 5′-AAGCACAGCGA 155 60 40 forward CGAGTACAA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 9) CEBPB, 5′-AGCTGCTCCAC reverse CTTCTTCTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 10) CEBPD, BC105109 5′-AGAAGTTGGT 101 60 40 forward GGAGCTGTCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 11) CEBPD, 5′-CAGCTGCTTGA reverse AGAACTGCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 12) FOXA1, BC033890 5′-GGACTTCAAGG 163 60 40 forward CATACGAACAGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 13) FOXA1, 5′-TAGGACGGGTCTG reverse GAATACACACC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 14) FOXA2, NM_021784 5′-GATACCTCCTACT 121 60 40 forward ACCAGGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 15) FOXA2, 5′-CACTTGCTCTCT reverse CACTTGTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 16) FOXA3, BC016024 5′-AAGGAGATGCC 129 60 40 forward GAAGGGGTATC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 17) FOXA3, 5′-CTGGTAGATTTC reverse ACTCAAGGTCAGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 18) GATA4, NM_002052 5′-TCTCAGTCAGTG 197 60 40 forward CGATGTCTGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 19) GATA4, 5′-AGGAGGGAAGA reverse GGGAAGATTACG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 20) GATA6, NM_005257 5′-CCACTCGTGTCTG 136 60 40 forward CTTTTGTGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 21) GATA6, 5′-CCCTTCCCTTCCAT reverse CTTCTCTCAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 22) HEX, BC015110 5′-GCCCAGTGAACAG 167 60 40 forward AATAAAGGTGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 23) HEX, 5′-CCAATGCCAGTGG reverse TCATCATCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 24) HLF, BC036093 5′-TCGTCAATCCATC 130 60 40 forward AGCAATGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 25) HLF, 5′-TCCAATACACCC reverse CCATCTCTTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 26) HNF1A, BC104908 5′-ACCTGTCCCAAC 152 60 40 forward ACCTCAAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 27) HNF1A, 5′-CTCATCACCTG reverse TGGGCTCTT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 28) HNF1B, BC017714 5′-AAAGAACCCCAG 127 60 40 forward CAAGGAAGAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 29) NHF1B, 5′-ACGGACCTCAG reverse TGACCAAGTTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 30) NHF4A, NM_000457 5′-ACCTCATCCTCC 124 60 40 forward TTCTTCAGGGAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 31) HNF4A, 5′-GCTTTTCCTCTCCA reverse CTCCAAGTTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 32) HNF4G, BC105011 5′-TCAGTCATTTC 126 60 40 forward ACACCAGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 33) HNF4G, 5′-TGCCAAAAGTG reverse CTATCCTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 34) SOX7, BC071947 5′-ACTCCACTCC 151 60 40 forward AACCTCCAAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 35) SOX7, 5′-GTGGCCAGG reverse AGTGTTCAAAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 36) SOX17, NM_022454 5′-CGCTTTCATGGTG 186 60 40 forward TGGGCTAAGGACG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 37) SOX17, 5′-TAGTTGGGGTGGT reverse CCTGCATGTGCTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 38) RPL19, BC095445 5′-CGAATGCCAGA 157 60 40 forward GAAGGTCAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 39) RPL19, 5′-CCATGAGAATC reverse CGCTTGTTT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 40) AFP, NM_001134 5′-ACACAAAAAG 147 60 40 forward CCCACTCCAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 41) AFP, 5′-GGTGCATACAGG reverse AAGGGATG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 42) Albumin, NM_000477 5′-GCTCGTGAAACA 114 60 40 forward CAAGCCCAAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 43) Albumin, 5′-GCAAAGCAGGTC reverse TCCTTATCGTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 44) Nanog. NM_024865 5′-CCGTTTTTGGCTC 187 60 40 Forward TGTTTTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 45) Nanog, 5′-TCATCGAAACA reverse CTCGGTGAA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 46)

Abbreviations/Acronyms in Table 4 are as follows. CEBPA: CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha, CEBPB: CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta, CEBPD: CCAAT/enhancer binding protein delta, FOXA1: forkhead box A1, FOXA2: forkhead box A2, FOXA3: forkhead box A3, GATA4: GATA binding protein 4, GATA6: GATA binding protein 6, HEX: hematopoietically expressed homeobox, HLF: hepatic leukemia factor, HNF1A: hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha, HNF1B: hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 beta, HNF4G: hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 gamma, SOX7: sex determining region Y box 7, SOX17: sex determining region Y box 17, RPL19: ribosomal protein L (RPL) 19, AFP: alpha-feto protein.

To identify candidates promoting hepatocyte differentiation from iPS cells, 210B7 cells were transfected with each episomal vector and cultured in ReproFF for seven days. For transfection, 201B7 cells were plated on 6-well plates or 8-well chamber slides (Matsunami) (Kishiwada, Japan) coated with Matrigel™. The constructed episomal vectors were transfected with FuGENE HD (Clontech) (Mountain View, Calif., USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Subsequently, 0.5 μg or 0.16 μg of each episomal plasmid was transfected to each well of the 6- or 8-well chamber slides, respectively. After transfection, the cells were cultured in ReproFF, Leibovitz-15 (L15), Williams' E (WE), or Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium/Nutrient F-12 Ham (DF12). L15, WE, and DF12 were supplemented with nicotinamide (1.2 mg/ml) (Wako Pure Chemicals), proline (30 ng/ml) (Wako Pure Chemicals), and 10% knockout serum replacement (Life Technologies). Nicotinamide and proline were added for proliferation of hepatocytes [Mitaka et al., 1991; Nakamura et al., 1984]. For some experiments, the cells were also transfected with pEBNK-Hyg/Cherry [Tomizawa et al., 2014].

After culture, RNA was isolated and subjected to qPCR to determine AFP (FIG. 1A) and Nanog (FIG. 1B) levels. FIGS. 1A and 1B are graphs showing expression of levels of alpha-feto protein and albumin in 201B7 cells transfected with transcription factors. 201B7 cells were transfected with transcription factors and cultured in ReproFF (Reprocell). After seven days of culture, RNA was isolated and subjected to real-time quantitative PCR to analyze the levels of alpha-feto protein (FIG. 1A) and albumin (FIG. 1B). (−): no transfection. AFP expression was higher in 201B7 cells transfected with 11 of 16 genes than in untransfected cells. Nanog expression was lower in 210B7 cells transfected with seven genes than in untransfected cells. AFP is a marker of immature hepatocytes [Duan et al., 2010]. Nanog is associated with pluripotency [Miyanari and Torres-Padilla, 2012]. Therefore, transcription factors inducing high AFP expression while suppressing Nanog expression would be suitable for initiating hepatocyte differentiation of iPS cells. CEBPA, CEBPB, forkhead box 1A (FOXA1), and forkhead A3 (FOXA3) met these criteria. These four transcription factors were considered candidate genes for hepatocyte differentiation.

Example 2

This example examines which combination of transcription factors and which medium would be suitable for differentiation of iPS cells to the hepatocyte lineage. 201B7 cells were transfected with CEBPA, CEBPA, and CEBPB and a combination of CEBPA, CEBPB, FOXA1, and FOXA3. The transfected cells were cultured in ReproFF, L15, WE, or DF12 for seven days. RNA was isolated and subjected to qPCR for determination of AFP (FIG. 2A) and albumin (FIG. 2B) levels. FIGS. 2A and 2B depict the results of transfection with transcription factors and culture in four media. 201B7 cells were transfected with CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA) (a), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (CEBPB) (b), and a combination of CEBPA, CEBPB, forkhead box A1, and forkhead box A3. The cells were cultured in ReproFF (FF) (Reprocell), Leibovitz-15 (L15) (Life Technologies), Williams' E (WE) (Life Technologies), or Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium/Nutrient F-12 Ham (DF12) (Sigma-Aldrich) for seven days. RNA was isolated and subjected to real-time quantitative PCR for analyzing the expression of alpha-feto protein (A) and albumin (B).

The combination of all four transcription factors and culture in WE yielded the highest expression of AFP and albumin. These results indicated that this condition was suitable for hepatocyte differentiation of iPS cells.

Example 3

This example examines the suitability of various growth media for obtaining enough cells after transfection. 201B7 cells were transfected with the combination of CEBPA, CEBPB, FOXA1, and FOXA3. The transfected cells were cultured in ReproFF (FIG. 3A), L15 (FIG. 3B), WE (FIG. 3C), or DF12 (FIG. 3D) for seven days. Cell survival was less in L15 than in ReproFF, WE, and DF12. FIGS. 3A-3D depict the results of 201B7 cells transfected with four transcription factors and cultured in four media. 201B7 cells were transfected with CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta, forkhead box 1A, and forkhead box 3A. After transfection, they were cultured in ReproFF (Reprocell) (FIG. 3A), Leibovitz-15 (Life Technologies) (FIG. 3B), Williams' E (Life Technologies) (FIG. 3C), or Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium/Nutrient F-12 Ham (DF12) (Sigma-Aldrich) (FIG. 3D) for seven days. The cells were then observed under a microscope. Original magnification: x200, scale bar: 200 rim. These results indicated that L15 was not suitable to obtain enough cells after transfection.

Example 4

This example examines whether 201B7 cells expressed the transfected genes. FIGS. 4A-4H depicts the results of transfection using CherryPicker1. 201B7 cells were transfected with pEBNK-Hyg/Cherry and cultured in ReproFF (Reprocell) (FIGS. 4A, 4B), Leibovitz-15 (Life Technologies) (FIGS. 4C, 4D), Williams' E (Life Technologies) (FIGS. 4E, 4F), or Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium/Nutrient F-12 Ham (DF12) (Sigma-Aldrich) (FIGS. 4G, 4H) for seven days. Cells were then observed with a microscope under white light (FIGS. 4A, 4C, 4E, 4G) or a fluoroscope (FIGS. 4B, 4D, 4F, 4H). Original magnification: ×200, scale bar: 200 μm Fewer cells survived in L15 than in the other three media, which was consistent with the findings in FIGS. 3A-3D. The fluorescence intensity of CherryPicker1 was stronger in 210B7 cells cultured in ReproFF or WE [Tomizawa et al., 2014]. These results indicated that 201B7 cells expressed the transfected gene in ReproFF or WE.

Example 5

The above results showed that WE was the most suitable medium for culturing 201B7 cells after transfection with transcription factors. To confirm the expression of AFP (FIGS. 5A, 5B, 5C, and 5D) and albumin (FIGS. 5E, 5F, 5G, and 5H) at protein levels, immunostaining was performed after transfection with CEBPA (FIGS. 5B, 5F), CEBPB (FIGS. 5C, 5G), or the combination of CEBPA, CEBPB, FOXA1, and FOXA3 (FIGS. 5D, 5H). AFP and albumin signals were stronger in 201B7 cells transfected with CEBPA, CEBPB, or the combination of CEBPA, CEBPB, FOXA1, and FOXA3 than in untransfected cells (FIGS. 5A, 5E).

Immunostaining was performed as follows. 201B7 cells were transfected with 0.16 μg/well episomal plasmids. The transfected cells were cultured in WE for seven days. After incubation, the cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich) at 4° C. for 10 min. The fixed cells were incubated with 0.1% hydrogen peroxide (Wako Pure Chemicals) in 100% methanol (Wako Pure Chemicals) at 4° C. for 30 min to inactivate endogenous peroxide. After rinsing with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), the specimens were incubated with the wash buffer (2% fetal bovine serum in PBS) at 4° C. for 30 min. Monoclonal anti-human alpha-feto protein (AFP) antibody raised in mouse (Takara) or polyclonal anti-human albumin antibody raised in rabbit (Sigma-Aldrich) was applied to the specimens in wash buffer at 1:1000 dilution. The applied specimens were incubated at 4° C. overnight. After the overnight incubation, the specimens were washed with PBS. After washing, the specimens were incubated with alkaline phosphatase-linked anti-mouse antibody raised in goat (Promega) (Madison, Wis., USA) or alkaline phosphatase-linked anti-rabbit antibody raised in goat (Promega) in wash buffer at 1:1000 dilution at 4° C. for 2 h. After washing with PBS, the conjugates were visualized using Vector Red Substrate (Vector Laboratories) (Burlingame, Calif., USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The specimens were observed under a microscope (AX80) (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).

FIGS. 5A-5H show the results of the immunostaining. 201B7 cells were transfected with no plasmids (FIGS. 5A, 5E), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA) (FIGS. 5B, 5F), CEBPA and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (CEBPB) (FIGS. 5C, 5G), and a combination of CEBPA, CEBPB, forkhead box 1A, and forkhead box 3A (FIGS. 5D, 5H). After seven days of culture in ReproFF (Reprocell), Leibovitz-15 (Life Technologies), Williams' E (Life Technologies), or Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium/Nutrient F-12 Ham (DF12) (Sigma-Aldrich) (FIGS. 5D, 5H), the cells were subjected to immunostaining with antibodies against alpha-feto protein (FIGS. 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D) or albumin (FIGS. 5E, 5F, 5G, 5H). Original magnification: ×400, scale bar: 100 μm. These results were consistent with those in FIGS. 2A and 2B.

The present invention includes the following aspects/embodiments/features in any order and/or in any combination:

1. A method of producing hepatocyte lineage cells, comprising:

transfecting a cell with a first expression vector comprising a first gene that encodes CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA), a second expression vector comprising a second gene that encodes CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (CEBPB), a third expression vector comprising a third gene that encodes forkhead box A1 (FOXA1), and a fourth expression vector comprising a fourth gene that encodes forkhead box A3 (FOXA3); and

culturing the transfected cell obtained in a growth environment.

2. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, further comprising differentiating the transfected cell into a hepatocyte lineage cell.

3. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the culturing results in the differentiation of the transfected cell into a hepatocyte lineage cell.

4. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the four genes act synergistically to differentiate the cell into a hepatocyte lineage cell.

5. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, further comprising obtaining a hepatocyte lineage cell from the transfected cell.

6. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the hepatocyte lineage cell is an immortal hepatocyte lineage cell.

7. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the hepatocyte lineage cell expresses at least one cell surface marker characteristic of hepatocytes.

8. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the hepatocyte lineage cell expresses alpha-feto protein, albumin, or both.

9. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the transfected cell is cultured in a medium formulated for hepatocyte differentiation, hepatocyte growth, or both.

10. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the transfected cell is cultured in Williams' E medium, ReproFF (feeder-free media maintaining pluripotency) medium, or both.

11. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the Williams' E medium includes one or more of sodium bicarbonate, L-glutamine, phenol red, and 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer.

12. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the Williams' E medium excludes one or more of sodium bicarbonate, L-glutamine, phenol red, and 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer.

13. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the Williams' E medium is supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS).

14. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the transfected cell is cultured in Williams' E medium in the growth environment.

15. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the transfected cell is cultured in Williams' E medium after culturing in the growth environment.

16. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the transfected cell is cultured for from about 4 days to about 12 days.

17. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the transfected cell is cultured for at least 7 days.

18. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the cell is a mammalian cell.

19. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the cell is a human cell.

20. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the cell is a stem cell.

21. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the cell is a pluripotent stem cell.

22. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the cell is an induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell.

23. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the cell is a 201B7 iPS cell.

24. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the cell is an embryonic stem cell.

25. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the cell is a somatic cell.

26. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the cell is a fibroblast.

27. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the transfection is performed in vitro.

28. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the culturing is performed in vitro.

29. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the growth environment is an in vitro growth environment.

30. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the growth environment comprises a liquid medium, a solid support, or both.

31. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the cell is transfected with the expression vectors simultaneously.

32. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the cell is transfected with the expression vectors sequentially.

33. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the cell is transfected with at least two of the expression vectors simultaneously.

34. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein there is a delay of at least 30 minutes between introduction of two or more of the expression vectors.

35. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein at least one of the genes is constitutively activated.

36. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein at least one of the genes is inducible.

37. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein at least one inducible gene is inducible by growth in a suitable medium.

38. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the medium is Williams' E medium.

39. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the transfection is transient with respect to at least one transcription factor or gene.

40. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the transfection is stable with respect to at least one expression factor or gene.

41. A hepatocyte lineage cell obtained by the method of any one of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect.

42. A method of producing hepatocyte lineage cells, comprising the steps of:

(a) introducing four expression vectors into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, wherein the expression vectors are an expression vector containing a gene that encodes CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA), an expression vector containing a gene that encodes CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (CEBPB), an expression vector containing a gene that encodes forkhead box A1 (FOXA1), and an expression vector containing a gene that encodes forkhead box A3 (FOXA3), and

(b) culturing the cells obtained in step (a) in a growth environment.

43. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the cells obtained in step (a) are cultured in Williams' E medium.

44. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the cells obtained in step (a) and (b) are cultured in Williams' E medium.

45. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the cells obtained in step (a) are cultured for at least seven days.

The present invention can include any combination of these various features or embodiments above and/or below as set forth in sentences and/or paragraphs. Any combination of disclosed features herein is considered part of the present invention and no limitation is intended with respect to combinable features.

Acknowledgements

IRCB003O22, IRAK047019, IRAK015C16, Are07G01, IRAL031O05, IRAK048J15, IRAK0127I02, IRAL058N22, and W01A073N10 were provided by the RIKEN BRC through the National Bio-Resource Project of the MEXT, Japan. This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) (15K09032)

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Applicants specifically incorporate the entire contents of all cited references in this disclosure. Further, when an amount, concentration, or other value or parameter is given as either a range, preferred range, or a list of upper preferable values and lower preferable values, this is to be understood as specifically disclosing all ranges formed from any pair of any upper range limit or preferred value and any lower range limit or preferred value, regardless of whether ranges are separately disclosed. Where a range of numerical values is recited herein, unless otherwise stated, the range is intended to include the endpoints thereof, and all integers and fractions within the range. It is not intended that the scope of the invention be limited to the specific values recited when defining a range.

Other embodiments of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the present specification and practice of the present invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the present specification and examples be considered as exemplary only with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims and equivalents thereof. 

1. A method of producing hepatocyte lineage cells, comprising: transfecting a cell with a first expression vector comprising a first gene that encodes CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA), a second expression vector comprising a second gene that encodes CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (CEBPB), a third expression vector comprising a third gene that encodes forkhead box A1 (FOXA1), and a fourth expression vector comprising a fourth gene that encodes forkhead box A3 (FOXA3); and culturing the transfected cell obtained in a growth environment.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising differentiating the transfected cell into a hepatocyte lineage cell.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the culturing results in the differentiation of the transfected cell into a hepatocyte lineage cell.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the four genes act synergistically to differentiate the cell into a hepatocyte lineage cell.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising obtaining a hepatocyte lineage cell from the transfected cell.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the hepatocyte lineage cell is an immortal hepatocyte lineage cell.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the hepatocyte lineage cell expresses at least one cell surface marker characteristic of hepatocytes.
 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the hepatocyte lineage cell expresses alpha-feto protein, albumin, or both.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the transfected cell is cultured in a medium formulated for hepatocyte differentiation, hepatocyte growth, or both.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the transfected cell is cultured in Williams' E medium, ReproFF (feeder-free media maintaining pluripotency) medium, or both.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the Williams' E medium includes one or more of sodium bicarbonate, L-glutamine, phenol red, and 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer.
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the Williams' E medium excludes one or more of sodium bicarbonate, L-glutamine, phenol red, and 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer.
 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the Williams' E medium is supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS).
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the transfected cell is cultured in Williams' E medium in the growth environment.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the transfected cell is cultured in Williams' E medium after culturing in the growth environment.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the transfected cell is cultured for from about 4 days to about 12 days.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the transfected cell is cultured for at least 7 days.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is a mammalian cell.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is a human cell.
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is a stem cell.
 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is a pluripotent stem cell.
 22. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is an induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell.
 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is a 201B7 iPS cell.
 24. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is an embryonic stem cell.
 25. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is a somatic cell.
 26. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is a fibroblast.
 27. The method of claim 1, wherein the transfection is performed in vitro.
 28. The method of claim 1, wherein the culturing is performed in vitro.
 29. The method of claim 1, wherein the growth environment is an in vitro growth environment.
 30. The method of claim 1, wherein the growth environment comprises a liquid medium, a solid support, or both.
 31. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is transfected with the expression vectors simultaneously.
 32. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is transfected with the expression vectors sequentially.
 33. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is transfected with at least two of the expression vectors simultaneously.
 34. The method of claim 1, wherein there is a delay of at least 30 minutes between introduction of two or more of the expression vectors.
 35. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the genes is constitutively activated.
 36. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the genes is inducible.
 37. The method of claim 36, wherein at least one inducible gene is inducible by growth in a suitable medium.
 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the medium is Williams' E medium.
 39. The method of claim 1, wherein the transfection is transient with respect to at least one transcription factor or gene.
 40. The method of claim 1, wherein the transfection is stable with respect to at least one expression factor or gene.
 41. A hepatocyte lineage cell obtained by the method of claim
 1. 42. A method of producing hepatocyte lineage cells, comprising the steps of: (a) introducing four expression vectors into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, wherein the expression vectors are an expression vector containing a gene that encodes CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA), an expression vector containing a gene that encodes CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (CEBPB), an expression vector containing a gene that encodes forkhead box A1 (FOXA1), and an expression vector containing a gene that encodes forkhead box A3 (FOXA3), and (b) culturing the cells obtained in step (a) in a growth environment.
 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the cells obtained in step (a) are cultured in Williams' E medium.
 44. The method of claim 42, wherein the cells obtained in step (a) and (b) are cultured in Williams' E medium.
 45. The method of claim 42, wherein the cells obtained in step (a) are cultured for at least seven days. 